In the push toward 5G, we hear a lot about network densification. Literally! In 2016, ABI Research Director Nick Marshall said that “more than 80 percent of all traffic originating or terminating indoors,” and we serve the vast majority of that traffic with outdoor cells. ![]() The short answer is that it ran smack into a wall. So where did all that spectral efficiency go? A 2017 study pegged spectral efficiencies for a live LTE network at roughly 1 bps/Hz on average with a peak of about 5.5 bps/Hz. Unfortunately, the reality of spectral efficiency in deployed mobile networks is far less stratospheric. Operators pay billions for every MHz they can acquire. ![]() Going from 3G to 5G, peak spectral efficiency skyrockets from 1.3 bps/Hz with 3G, to 16 bps/Hz with 4G LTE, to 30 bps/Hz with LTE-A, and to a truly eye-watering 145 bps/Hz with 5G (in the lab).Īnd it makes sense: Spectrum is an expensive and limited resource. To telecom nerds, this is expressed as bits per second per hertz (bps/Hz). With the release of any new generation, or “G,” in the cellular world, the goal is always to outperform the previous generation when it comes to spectral efficiency-that is, how many bits you can pack into your slice of airwaves.
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